常见后缀
后缀不改变词根核心含义，只决定词性（名词/动词/形容词/副词）。学透后缀 = 看到一个词就能判断它在句子中的角色。
名词后缀
动作/过程/结果 → -tion 族
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -tion / -sion | 动作、状态、结果 | education, production, reduction, discussion, decision |
| -ation | 动作、过程 | information, application, transformation |
| -ition | 动作、状态 | addition, competition, definition |
| -ution | 动作、结果 | solution, revolution, evolution |
动作/过程 → -ment / -al 族
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -ment | 动作、结果、手段 | development, agreement, environment, achievement |
| -al | 动作、过程 | arrival, approval, proposal, survival |
| -age | 动作、结果、集合 | passage, marriage, percentage, storage |
状态/性质 → -ce / -cy / -ity 族
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -ance / -ence | 状态、性质 | importance, appearance, difference, evidence |
| -cy | 状态、性质 | accuracy, efficiency, frequency, privacy |
| -ity / -ty | 性质、状态 | ability, quality, reality, capacity, safety |
| -ness | 状态、性质 | awareness, happiness, weakness, darkness |
| -hood | 状态、身份 | childhood, neighbourhood, likelihood |
| -ship | 状态、关系、技能 | relationship, leadership, friendship, scholarship |
人/做动作的人 → -er / -or / -ist 族
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -er / -or | 做…的人/物 | teacher, worker, computer / actor, director, conductor |
| -ist | …主义者/…家 | scientist, artist, economist, psychologist |
| -ant / -ent | 做…的人/物 | applicant, assistant / student, president |
| -ee | 被…的人 | employee, trainee, refugee, interviewee |
| -ian | …的人/专家 | musician, politician, technician, librarian |
动词后缀
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -ate | 使成为、做 | create, indicate, communicate, demonstrate |
| -ify / -fy | 使…化 | identify, specify, clarify, simplify, modify |
| -ise / -ize | 使…化 | realise, recognise, organise, modernise |
| -en | 使变成 | strengthen, weaken, broaden, shorten |
形容词后缀
能力/倾向
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -able / -ible | 可…的、能…的 | capable, portable, acceptable, possible, visible |
| -ive | 有…倾向的 | active, creative, effective, attractive, productive |
| -ous | 充满…的 | famous, dangerous, various, obvious, precious |
关联/属性
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -al / -ial | …的、关于…的 | national, natural, personal, financial, industrial |
| -ic | …的 | economic, scientific, specific, academic, dramatic |
| -ful | 充满…的 | useful, helpful, powerful, successful, careful |
| -less | 没有…的 | homeless, endless, useless, harmless, careless |
| -y | 有…特征的 | healthy, wealthy, rainy, risky, lengthy |
| -ent / -ant | …的 | different, independent, confident / important, significant |
| -ary / -ory | 与…有关的 | necessary, primary, ordinary / satisfactory, compulsory |
副词后缀
| 后缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|
| -ly | 以…方式 | quickly, carefully, significantly, approximately |
后缀叠加规律
一个词可以叠加多个后缀，每个后缀加一层词性：
educate → educat(e) + -ion = education (动词 → 名词)
→ education + -al = educational (名词 → 形容词)
→ educational + -ly = educationally (形容词 → 副词)
produce → product + -ive = productive (名词 → 形容词)
→ productive + -ity = productivity (形容词 → 名词)
这就是为什么掌握后缀后，一词多性不再是负担，而是同一家族的不同成员。